Mainland
- Foreign Investment Law
China’s Foreign Investment Law became effective on 1 January 2020, replacing old laws each of which was applicable only to a certain type of entity set up by foreign investors. Key features of the Law include the following:
- Old laws provided incentives (such as tax holidays) and imposed restrictions on foreign investment. The main objective of the Law is to give national treatment to Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIEs) when it comes to licensing, government purchase, listing and financing as well as national standard setting.
- Protection against requisition:
- The Law states that the country will not nationalize foreign investment, except under extraordinary circumstances whereby the requisition is necessitated by public interest and compensated fairly and reasonably.
- Prohibition of forced technology transfer:
- The Law protects intellectual properties of FIEs and their foreign investors, prohibiting government officials from using administrative measures to force technology transfers upon FIEs or foreign investors.
- Commitment to incentives policies:
- When attracting foreign investment, local officials tend to overpromise. The Law requires that local governments fulfil policy commitments they have made to FIEs and foreign investors, and perform contracts they have signed with FIEs and foreign investors.
- Transparency in market entry:
- The Law administers market entry by foreign investment by means of the Negative List. Investment into areas that are not included in the List are administered in the same way, regardless the nature of the investment.
2. Corporate taxes
Significant supports have been offered to Small and Thin-Profit Enterprises (STPE). The threshold for levying VAT has been raised over the years from RMB 20,000 per month to RMB 100,000 per month. The effective corporate income tax rates for STPEs are 2.5% if the annual profit is no more than RMB 1 million, and less than 10% if the annual profit does not exceed RMB 3 million.
3. Individual Income Tax Law
China’s Individual Income Tax Law and its accompanying rules and regulations (the new IIT law) mark the transformation from scheduler taxation to aggregate taxation. The new IIT law lowers the tax residency threshold from one year to 183 days, replaces the five-year taxation of global income with the six-year rule and phases out some preferential tax treatments to foreign nationals. At present, foreign nationals can claim exemption or deduction of the following benefits:
- Housing
- Tuition for schooling of kids in China
- Language training
- Foods, meals and laundry
- Relocation
- Transportation costs for home visits (up to 2 visits per year)
The Chinese government plans to apply to foreign nationals in 2022 deductions for housing and tuition that are currently available to Chinese nationals. A Chinese national can now claim a monthly housing deduction of up to RMB 1,500 and a monthly tuition of RMB 1,000 for each child. These deductions are significantly lower than those currently claimed by foreign nationals. It remains to be seen whether the remaining benefits such as exemption of foods and meals will be retained. If most of the housing and tuition allowances are taxable, or most the same expenses are not deductible, expats or their employer or both will see a sharp increase in the tax burden. For this reason, major chambers of commerce and multinationals have stepped up their lobbying efforts, hoping the government will give some concessions.
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